NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 – Free PDF Download
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance includes the usage of many complicated equations and formulas that students learn in their Class 12. Also, the PDF file of the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance is available here for free download. The PDF includes important questions, answers to questions from the textbook, worksheets and other assignments.
The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 are essential to score good marks in the Class 12 board examination. These solutions are curated by individual subject matter experts according to the latest CBSE Syllabus (2023-24) and the guidelines. Further, the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance provided here can be used by students to understand the concepts discussed in the chapter in detail.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Class 12 Physics NCERT Solutions Chapter 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Important Questions
Q 2.1) Two charges 5 × 10-8 C and -3 x 10-8 C are located 16 cm apart from each other. At what point (s) on the line joining the two charges is the electric potential zero? Take the potential at infinity to be zero.
Solution:
Given,
q1 = 5 x 10-8 C
q2 = -3 x 10-8 C
The two charges are at a distance, d = 16 cm = 0.16 m from each other.
Let us consider a point “P” over the line joining charges q1 and q2.
Let the distance of the considered point P from q1 be ‘r’
Let us consider point P to have zero electric potential (V).
The electric potential at point P is the summation of potentials due to charges q1 and q2.
Therefore,
Here,
Putting V = 0, in equation (1), we get,
0 =
5(0.16 – r) = 3r
0.8 = 8r
r = 0.1 m = 10 cm.
Therefore, at a distance of 10 cm from the positive charge, the potential is zero between the two charges.
Let us assume a point P at a distance ‘s’ from the negative charge is outside the system, having a potential zero.
So, for the above condition, the potential is given by
Here,
For V = 0, equation (2) can be written as :
0 =
5(s – 0.16) = 3s
0.8 = 2s
S = 0.4 m = 40 cm.
Therefore, the potential is zero at a distance of 40 cm from the positive charge outside the system of charges.
Q 2.2) A regular hexagon of side 10 cm has a charge of 5 µC at each of its vertices. Calculate the potential at the centre of the hexagon.
Solution:
The figure shows a regular hexagon containing charges q at each of its vertices.
Here,
q = 5 µC = 5 × 10-6 C.
Length of each side of the hexagon, AB =BC = CD = DE = EF = FA = 10 cm.
The distance of the vertices from the centre O, d = 10 cm.
The electric potential at point O,
The electric potential, V =
Here,
V =
Q 2.3) Two charges, 2 µC and -2 µC, are placed at points A and B, 6 cm apart.
(1) Identify the equipotential surface of the system.
(2) What is the direction of the electric field at every point on this surface?
Solution:
(1) An equipotential surface is defined as the surface over which the total potential is zero. In the given question, the plane is normal to line AB. The plane is located at the mid-point of line AB as the magnitude of the charges is the same.
(2) At every point on this surface, the direction of the electric field is normal to the plane in the direction of AB.
Q 2.4) A spherical conductor of radius 12 cm has a charge of 1.6 x 10-7C distributed uniformly on its surface. What is the electric field
(1) inside the sphere?
(2) just outside the sphere?
(3) at a point 18 cm from the centre of the sphere?
Solution:
(1) Given,
Radius of spherical conductor, r = 12cm = 0.12m
The charge is distributed uniformly over the surface, q = 1.6 x 10-7 C.
The electric field inside a spherical conductor is zero.
(2) Electric field E, just outside the conductor, is given by the relation,
E =
Here,
ε0 = permittivity of free space and
Therefore,
E =
Therefore, just outside the sphere, the electric field is 105 NC-1.
(3) From the centre of the sphere, the electric field at a point 18m = E1.
From the centre of the sphere, the distance of point d = 18 cm = 0.18m.
E1 =
So, from the centre of the sphere, the electric field at a point 18 cm away is 4.4 x 104 NC-1.
Q 2.5) A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of 8pF (1pF = 10-12 F. What will be the capacitance if the distance between the plates is reduced by half and the space between them is filled with a substance of dielectric constant 6?
Solution:
Given,
Capacitance, C = 8pF.
In the first case, the parallel plates are at a distance ‘d’ and are filled with air.
Air has a dielectric constant, k = 1
Capacitance, C =
Here,
A = area of each plate
Now, if the distance between the parallel plates is reduced to half, then d1 = d/2
Given the dielectric constant of the substance, k1 = 6
Hence, the capacitance of the capacitor,
C1 =
Taking ratios of equations (1) and (2), we get,
C1 = 2 x 6 C = 12 C = 12 x 8 pF = 96pF.
Hence, the capacitance between the plates is 96pF.
Q 2.6) Three capacitors connected in series have a capacitance of 9pF each.
(1) What is the total capacitance of the combination?
(2) What is the potential difference across each capacitor if the combination is connected to a 120 V supply?
Solution:
(1) Given,
The capacitance of the three capacitors, C = 9 pF
Equivalent capacitance (ceq) is the capacitance of the combination of the capacitors given by
Therefore, the total capacitance = 3pF.
(2) Given supply voltage, V = 100V
The potential difference (V1) across the capacitors will be equal to one-third of the supply voltage.
Therefore, V1 =
Hence, the potential difference across each capacitor is 40V.
Q 2.7) Three capacitors of capacitances 2 pF, 3 pF and 4 pF are connected in parallel.
(1) What is the total capacitance of the combination?
(2) Determine the charge on each capacitor if the combination is connected to a 100 V supply.
Solution:
(1) Given, C1 = 2pF, C2 = 3pF and C3 = 4pF.
Equivalent capacitance for the parallel combination is given by Ceq.
Therefore, Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9pF
Hence, the total capacitance of the combination is 9pF.
(2) Supply voltage, V = 100V
The three capacitors have the same voltage, V = 100v
q = VC
where,
q = charge
C = capacitance of the capacitor
V = potential difference
for capacitance, c = 2pF
q = 100 x 2 = 200pC = 2 x 10-10C
for capacitance, c = 3pF
q = 100 x 3 = 300pC = 3 x 10-10C
for capacitance, c = 4pF
q = 100 x 4 = 400pC = 4 x 10-10 C
Q 2.8) In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area of 6 x 10-3 m 2 and the distance between the plates is 3 mm. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor is connected to a 100 V supply, what is the charge on each plate of the capacitor?
Solution: Given,
The area of the plate of the capacitor, A = 6 x 10-3 m2
Distances between the plates, d = 3mm = 3 x 10-3 m
The voltage supplied, V = 100V
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is given by, C =
Here,
εo = permittivity of free space = 8.854 × 10-12 N-1 m -2 C-2
C =
Therefore, each plate of the capacitor has a charge of
q = VC = 100 × 17.71 x 10-12 C = 1.771 x 10-9 C
Q 2.9: Explain what would happen if, in the capacitor given in Exercise 2.8, a 3 mm thick mica sheet (of dielectric constant = 6) were inserted between the plates,
(a) while the voltage supply remained connected.
(b) after the supply was disconnected.
Answer 2.9:
(a) Dielectric constant of the mica sheet, k = 6
If the voltage supply remains connected, the voltage between the two plates will be constant.
Supply voltage, V = 100 V
Initial capacitance, C = 1.771 × 10−11 F
New capacitance, C1 = kC = 6 × 1.771 × 10−11 F = 106 pF
New charge, q1 = C1V = 106 × 100 pC = 1.06 × 10–8 C
Potential across the plates remains 100 V.
(b) Dielectric constant, k = 6
Initial capacitance, C = 1.771 × 10−11 F
New capacitance, C1 = kC = 6 × 1.771 × 10−11 F = 106 pF
If the supply voltage is removed, then there will be a constant amount of charge in the plates.
Charge = 1.771 × 10−9 C
Potential across the plates is given by,
V1 = q/C1 =
= 16.7 V
Q 2.10) A 12pF capacitor is connected to a 50V battery. How much electrostatic energy is stored in the capacitor?
Solution: Given,
Capacitance of the capacitor, C = 12pF = 12 x 10-12 F
Potential difference, V = 50 V
Electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor is given by the relation,
E =
Therefore, the electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor is 1.5 x 10-8 J.
Q 2.11) A 600pF capacitor is charged by a 200V supply. It is then disconnected from the supply and connected to another uncharged 600 pF capacitor. How much electrostatic energy is lost in the process?
Solution: Given,
Capacitance, C = 600pF
The potential difference, V = 200v
Electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor is given by :
E1 =
According to the question, the source is disconnected from the 600pF and connected to another capacitor of 600pF, then equivalent capacitance (Ceq) of the combination is given by,
=
Ceq = 300pF
New electrostatic energy can be calculated by:
E2 =
Loss in electrostatic energy,
E = E1 – E2
E = 1.2 x 10-5 – 0.6 x 10-5 J = 0.6 x 10-5 J = 6 x 10-6 J
Therefore, the electrostatic energy lost in the process is 6 x 10-6 J.
Q 2.12) A charge of 8 mC is located at the origin. Calculate the work done in taking a small charge of –2 × 10–9 C from a point P (0, 0, 3 cm) to a point Q (0, 4 cm, 0) via a point R (0, 6 cm, 9 cm).
Solution:
Charge located at the origin, q = 8 mC = 8 x 10-3 C
The magnitude of the charge taken from the point P to R and then to Q, q1 = – 2 x 10-9 C
Here, OP= d1= 3 cm = 3 x 10-2 m
OQ = d2= 4 cm = 4 x 10-2 m
Potential at the point P,
Potential at the point Q,
The work done (W) is independent of the path
Therefore, W = q1[V1 – V2]
Where,
Therefore,
= -144 x 10-3 x (-100/12)
= 1.2 Joule
Therefore, the work done during the process is 1.2 J
Q 2.13) A cube of side b has a charge q at each of its vertices. Determine the potential and electric field due to this charge array at the centre of the cube.
Solution:
Sides of the cube = b
Charge at the vertices = q
Diagonal of one of the sides of the cube
d = b√2
Length of the diagonal of the cube
l = b√3
The distance between one of the vertices and the centre of the cube is
r = l/2 =(b√3/2)
The electric potential (V) at the centre of the cube is due to the eight charges at the vertices
V = 8q/4πε0
Therefore, the potential at the centre of the cube is
The electric field intensity at the centre of the cube, due to the eight charges, is zero. The charges are distributed symmetrically with respect to the centre of the cube. Therefore, they get cancelled.
Q 2.14) Two tiny spheres carrying charges 1.5 µC and 2.5 µC are located 30 cm apart. Find the potential and electric field:
(a) at the mid-point of the line joining the two charges
(b) at a point 10 cm from this midpoint in a plane normal to the line and passing through the mid-point.
Solution:
Two tiny spheres carrying charges are located at points A and B
The charge at point A, q1= 1.5 µC
The charge at point B, q2 = 2.5 µC
The distance between the two charges = 30 cm = 0.3 m
(a) Let O be the midpoint. Let V1 and E1 be the potential and electric fields, respectively, at the midpoint.
V1 = Potential due to charge at A + Potential due to charge at B
Here,
ε0 = Permittivity of the free space
Therefore,
Electric field at O, E1 = Electric field due to q2 – Electric field due to q1
= 400 x 103 V/m
Therefore, the potential at the midpoint is 2.4 x 105 V, and the electric field at the midpoint is 400 x 103 V/m.
(b) Consider a point Z such that the distance OZ = 10 cm = 0.1 m, as shown in the figure.
Let V2 and E2 be the potential and electric field, respectively, at point Z. The distance
The potential at V2 = Potential due to the charge at A + Potential due to the charge at B
= 2 x 105 V
The electric field due to q1 at Z
= 416 x 103 V/m
The electric field due to q2 at Z
= 694 x 103 V/m
The resultant field intensity at Z
From the figure we get cos θ = (0.10/0.18) = 5/9 = 0.5556
θ = cos -1 (0.5556) = 56.25
2θ = 2 x 56.25 = 112.50
cos 2θ = – 0.38
= 6.6 x 105 V/m
Therefore the potential at the point Z is 694 x 103 V/m, and the electric field is 6.6 x 105 V/m.
Q 2.15) A spherical conducting shell of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 has a charge Q.
(a) A charge q is placed at the centre of the shell. What is the surface charge density on the inner and outer surfaces of the shell?
(b) Is the electric field inside a cavity (with no charge) zero, even if the shell is not spherical but has any irregular shape? Explain.
Solution:
(a) If a charge +q is placed at the centre of the shell, a charge of magnitude -q is induced in the inner surface of the shell. Therefore, the surface charge density at the inner surface of the shell is given by the relation,
σ1 = Total charge / Inner surface area = – q/4πr12——–(1)
A charge +q is induced on the outer surface of the shell. The total charge on the outer surface of the shell is Q+q. Surface charge density at the outer surface of the shell,
σ2 = Total charge / Outer surface area = (Q+q)/4πr12————(2)
(b) Yes, the electric field inside a cavity (with no charge) will be zero, even if the shell is not spherical but has an irregular shape. Take a closed loop, part of which is inside the cavity along a field line and the rest inside the conductor. Since the field inside the conductor is zero, this gives a net work done by the field in carrying a test charge over a closed loop. We know this is impossible for an electrostatic field. Hence, there are no field lines inside the cavity (i.e., no field) and no charge on the inner surface of the conductor, whatever its shape.
Q 2.16) (a) Show that the normal component of the electrostatic field has a discontinuity from one side of a charged surface to another given by
where
(b) Show that the tangential component of the electrostatic field is continuous from one side of a charged surface to another. [Hint: For (a), use Gauss’s law. For (b), use the fact that work done by the electrostatic field on a closed loop is zero.].
Solution:
(a) Let E1 be the electric field on one side of the charged body and E2 is the electric field on the other side of the charged body. If the infinite plane charged body has a uniform thickness, the electric field due to one of the surfaces of the charged body is
Here,
σ = surface charge density at that point
The electric field due to the other surface of the charged body is
The electric field at any point due to the charge surfaces
Since inside the conductor,
Therefore, the electric field just outside the conductor is
(b) When a charged particle is moved from one point to the other on a closed loop, the work done by the electrostatic field is zero. Hence, the tangential component of the electrostatic field is continuous from one side of a charged surface to the other.
Q 2.17) A long charged cylinder of linear charged density λ is surrounded by a hollow co-axial conducting cylinder. What is the electric field in the space between the two cylinders?
Solution:
Let the length of the charged cylinder and the hollow co-axial conducting cylinder be L
The charge density of the long-charged cylinder is λ
Let E be the electric field in the space between the two cylinders
According to Gauss’s theorem, the electric flux through the Gaussian surface is given as Φ = E (2πd)L
Here,
d is the distance between the common axis of the cylinders
Therefore , Φ = E (2πd)L = q/ε0
Here, q is the charge on the inner surface of the outer cylinder
ε0 is the permittivity of the free space
E (2πd)L = λL/ε0
E = λ/2πdε0
Therefore, the electric field in the space between the two cylinders is λ/2πdε0
Q 2.18) In a hydrogen atom, the electron and proton are bound at a distance of about 0.53 Å:
(a) Estimate the potential energy of the system in eV, taking the zero of the potential energy at the infinite separation of the electron from the proton.
(b) What is the minimum work required to free the electron, given that its kinetic energy in orbit is half the magnitude of potential energy obtained in (a)?
(c) What are the answers to (a) and (b) above if the zero of potential
energy is taken at 1.06 Å separation?
Solution:
The distance between the proton and electron of the hydrogen atom, d = 0.53 Å
Charge of the electron, q1 = -1.6 x 10-19 C
Charge of the proton, q2 = +1.6 x 10-19 C
(a) At an infinite separation of electron and proton, potential energy is zero
The potential energy of the system = Potential energy at infinity – Potential energy at distance d
= 0 –
here,
ε0 is the permittivity of the free space
Potential energy= 0 –
Potential energy = -43.7 x 10-19/1.6 x 10-19 = -27.2 eV [Since 1.6 x 10-19 J = 1 eV]
Therefore, the potential energy of the system is -27.2 eV
(b) Half of the magnitude of the potential energy is equal to the kinetic energy
Kinetic energy = |V|/2 = (1/2) x (27.2) = 13. 6 eV
Total energy = Kinetic energy + potential energy
= 13.6 eV – 27.2 eV
Total energy = – 13.6 eV
Therefore, the minimum work required to free an electron is – 13.6 eV
(c) When the zero of the potential energy is taken as d1= 1.06 Å
The potential energy of the system = Potential energy at d1 – Potential energy at d
=
=
= 21.73 x 10-19 J – 27.2 eV
= 13.58 eV -27.2 eV [Since 1.6 x 10-19 J = 1 eV]
= -13.6 eV
Q 2.19) If one of the two electrons of the H2 molecule is removed, we get a hydrogen molecular ion H2+. In the ground state of an H2+, the two protons are separated by roughly 1.5 Å, and the electron is roughly 1 Å from each proton. Determine the potential energy of the system. Specify your choice of the zero of potential energy.
Solution:
Charge of the 1st proton, q1 = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Charge of the 2nd proton, q2 = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Charge of the electron, q3 = -1.6 x 10-19 C
Distance between the 1st and the 2nd proton, d1 = 1.5 x 10-10 m
Distance between the 1st proton and the electron, d2 = 1 x 10-10 m
Distance between the 2nd proton and the electron, d3 = 1 x 10-10 m
The potential energy at infinity is zero
Therefore, the potential energy of the system is
Substituting (1/4πε0) = 9 x 109 Nm2C-2 we get
=-30.7 x 10-19 J
=-19.2 eV (1eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J)
Therefore, the potential energy of the system is -19.2 eV.
Q 2.20) Two charged conducting spheres of radii a and b are connected to each other by a wire. What is the ratio of electric fields at the surfaces of the two spheres? Use the result obtained to explain why the charge density on the sharp and pointed ends of a conductor is higher than on its flatter portions.
Solution:
Let A be the sphere of radius a, Charge QA and capacitance CA
Let B be the sphere of radius b, Charge QB and capacitance CB
The conducting spheres are connected by a wire; therefore, the potential of both capacitors will be V
The electric field due to a,
The electric field due to b,
The ratio of electric fields at the surface of the spheres is
Putting equation (2) in equation (1), we get
Therefore, the ratio of the electric field at the surface is b/a
A sharp and pointed end is like a sphere of a very small radius, and the flat portion is like a sphere of a large radius. Therefore, the charge density of pointed ends is higher than the flat portion.
Q 2.21) Two charges –q and +q, are located at points (0, 0, –a) and (0, 0, a), respectively.
(a) What is the electrostatic potential at the points (0, 0, z) and (x, y, 0)?
(b) Obtain the dependence of potential on the distance r of a point from the origin when r/a >> 1.
(c) How much work is done in moving a small test charge from the point (5,0,0) to (–7,0,0) along the x-axis? Does the answer change if the path of the test charge between the same points is not along the x-axis?
Solution:
(a) Two charges –q and +q, are located at points (0, 0, –a) and (0, 0, a), respectively. They will form a dipole. The point (0, 0, z) is on the axis of the dipole and (x,y,0) is normal to the dipole. The electrostatic potential at (x,y,0) is zero. The electrostatic potential at (0,0,z) is given by
ε0 = Permittivity of free space
p = dipole moment of the system= q x 2a
(b) The distance “r” is much larger than half of the distance between the two charges. Therefore, the potential at the point r is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, i.e. V∝(1/r2).
(c) x,y plane is a equipotential surface and x-axis is a equipotential line. Therefore, the change in potential (dV) along the x-axis will be zero. The work done in moving a small test charge from the point (5,0,0) to (–7,0,0) along the x-axis is given by
Potential at (5,0,0)
Potential at (-7,0,0)
V2 – V1 = 0
Work done = Charge (q) x Change in Potential (V2 – V1)
Since the change in potential is zero, the work done is also zero.
The change in potential is independent of the path taken between the two points. Therefore, the work done in moving a point charge will remain zero.
Q 2.22) Figure below shows a charge array known as an electric quadrupole. For a point on the axis of the quadrupole, obtain the dependence of potential on r for r/a >> 1, and contrast your results with that due to an electric dipole and an electric monopole (i.e., a single charge).
Solution:
Four charges are placed at points A, B, B and C, respectively.
Let us consider point P, located at the axis of the quadrupole.
It can be considered that the electric quadrupole has three charges.
The charge +q is placed at A
The charge -2q is placed at B
The charge +q is placed at C
AB = BC = a
BP = r
PA = r + a
PZ = r – a
Therefore, the electrostatic potential due to the system of three charges is
Since r/a >>1,
a/r<< 1
Therefore, a2/r2 is negligible
So we get,
Therefore we get,
V∝ 1/r3
However, for a dipole, V ∝ 1/r2
And for a monopole, V ∝ 1/r
Q 2.23) An electrical technician requires a capacitance of 2 µF in a circuit across a potential difference of 1 kV. A large number of 1 µF capacitor are available to him, each of which can withstand a potential difference of not more than 400 V. Suggest a possible arrangement that requires the minimum number of capacitors.
Solution:
Required Capacitance, C= 2μF
Potential difference, V = 1 kV = 1000 V
The capacitance of each capacitor, C1 = 1μF
Potential difference that the capacitors can withstand, V1 = 400 V
Suppose a number of capacitors are connected in series and then connected parallel to each other. Then the number of capacitors in each row is given by
1000/400 = 2.5
Therefore, the number of capacitors connected in series is three.
So the capacitance of each row is
Let there be n parallel rows. Each of these rows will have 3 capacitors. Therefore, the equivalent capacitance of the circuit is given as
The required capacitance of the circuit is 2μF
Therefore, n/3 = 2
n = 6
Therefore, there are 6 rows of three capacitors in the circuit. A minimum of 6 x 3 = 18 capacitors are required.
Q 2.24) What is the area of the plates of a 2 F parallel plate capacitor, given that the separation between the plates is 0.5 cm? [You will realise from your answer why ordinary capacitors are in the range of µF or less. However, electrolytic capacitors do have a much larger capacitance (0.1 F) because of the very minute separation between the conductors.]
Solution:
The capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor, C = ε0A/d
The capacitance of the capacitor, C=2 F
Separation between the plates, d= 0.5 cm = 0.5 x 10-2 m
ε0 = permittivity of the free space = 8.85 x 10-12 C2N-1m-2
Area of the plates, A = Cd/ε0
A = [2 x 0.5 x 10-2]/8.85 x 10-12
= 1130 x 106 m2
Q 2.25) Obtain the equivalent capacitance of the network in Figure. For a 300 V supply, determine the charge and voltage across each capacitor.
Solution:
The above figure can be redrawn as given below
The capacitors C2 and C3 are connected in series. The equivalent capacitance C’
C’ = 100 pF
The capacitors C’ and C1 are parallel. The equivalent capacitance is C” = C’ + C1
C” = 100 + 100 = 200 pF
C” and C4 are connected in series. Let the equivalent capacitance be C
C = 200/3 pF
Hence, the equivalent capacitance of the circuit is 200/3 pF
Total charge, Q = CV =
Q = Q4 = 2 x 10-8 C
Potential difference across C4, V4 = Q/C4
= (2 x 10 -8)/(100 x 10-12) = 200 V
Potential difference across C”, V” = 300 V – 200 V = 100 V
Potential difference across C1, V1 = V” = 100 V
Charge across C1, Q1 = C1V1 = (100 x 10-12) x 100 = 10-8 C
The charge across C2 and C3, Q2 = Q – Q1 = 2 x 10-8 – 10-8
= 10-8 C
Potential across C2 , V2 = Q2/C2 = 10-8/ (200 x 10-12) = 50 V
Potential across C3, V3 = Q2/C3 = 10-8/(200 x 10-12) = 50 V
Therefore,
Q1 = 10-8 C , V1 = 100 V
Q2 = 10-8 C, V2 = 50 V
Q2 = Q3 = 10-8 C, V3 = 50 V
Q4 = 2 x 10-8 C , V4 = 200 V
Q 2.26) The plates of a parallel plate capacitor have an area of 90 cm2 each and are separated by 2.5 mm. The capacitor is charged by connecting it to a 400 V supply.
(a) How much electrostatic energy is stored by the capacitor?
(b) View this energy as stored in the electrostatic field between the plates and obtain the energy per unit volume u. Hence, arrive at a relation between u and the magnitude of electric field E between the plates.
Solution:
Area of the plates of a parallel plate capacitor, A = 90 cm2 = 90 x 10-4 m2
Separation between the plates, d = 2.5 mm = 2.5 x 10-3 m
The potential difference across the plates, V = 400 V
The capacitance of the capacitor, C = ε0A/d
Electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor, E = (1/2) CV2
Therefore, the electrostatic energy stored by the capacitor is 2.55 x 10-6 J
The volume of the capacitor, V = A x d
= 90 x 10-4 x 25 x 10-3
= 2.25 x 10-4 m3
Energy stored in the capacitor per unit volume is
u = E/V =
Here, V/d = Electric intensity = E
Therefore,
Q 2.27) A 4 µF capacitor is charged by a 200 V supply. It is then disconnected from the supply and connected to another uncharged 2 µF capacitor. How much electrostatic energy of the first capacitor is lost in the form of heat and electromagnetic radiation?
Solution:
The capacitance of the capacitor, C1= 4 μF
Supply voltage, V1 = 200 V
The capacitance of the uncharged capacitor, C2= 2 μF
Electrostatic energy stored in C1 is given as
E1 = (1/2)C1V12
= (1/2) x 4 x 10-6 x (200)2
= 8 x 10-2 J
When C1 is disconnected from the power supply and connected to C2, the voltage acquired by it is V2.
According to the law of conservation of energy, the initial charge on the capacitor C1 is equal to the final charge on the capacitors C1 and C2.
V2 (C1 + C2) = C1V1
V2 (4+ 2) x 10-6 = 4 x 10-6 x 200
V2 = (400/3) V
The electrostatic energy of the combination is
E2 = (1/2)(C1+C2) V12
= (1/2) x (2+4) x 10-6 x (400/3)2
= 5.33 x 10-2 J
Hence, the amount of electrostatic energy lost by capacitor C1 = E1 – E2
= 0.08 – 0.0533 = 0.0267
= 2.67 x 10-2 J
Q 2.28) Show that the force on each plate of a parallel plate capacitor has a magnitude equal to (½) QE, where Q is the charge on the capacitor, and E is the magnitude of the electric field between the plates. Explain the origin of the factor ½.
Solution:
Let F be the force required to separate the plates of the parallel plate capacitors.
Let Δx be the distance between the two plates.
Therefore, the work done to separate the plates, W = F Δx. As a result, the potential energy of the capacitor increases by an amount equal to uAΔx.
here, u = energy density
A = area of each plate
d = distance between the plates
V = potential difference across the plates
The work done will be equal to the increase in potential energy
FΔx = uAΔx
F = uA
Substituting
The electric intensity, E = V/d
However, capacitance,
Therefore, F = (1/2) (CV) E
Charge on the capacitor is given as Q = CV
Therefore, F = (1/2)QE
The electric field just outside the conductor is E and inside the conductor is zero. Hence, the average of the electric field E/2 is equal to the force.
Q 2.29) A spherical capacitor consists of two concentric spherical conductors held in position by suitable insulating supports (as shown in the figure). Show that the capacitance of a spherical capacitor is given by
Where r1 and r2 are the radii of outer and inner spheres, respectively.
Solution:
The radius of the outer shell = r1
The radius of the inner shell = r2
The charge on the inner surface of the outer shell = +Q
The charge on the outer surface of the inner shell = -Q
The potential difference between the two shells is given as
Here,
ε0 = Permittivity of free space
The capacitance of the given system is
C = Charge (Q)/ Potential difference (V)
Therefore,
Q 2.30) A spherical capacitor has an inner sphere of radius 12 cm and an outer sphere of radius 13 cm. The outer sphere is earthed, and the inner sphere is given a charge of 2.5 µC. The space between the concentric spheres is filled with a liquid of dielectric constant 32.
(a) Determine the capacitance of the capacitor.
(b) What is the potential of the inner sphere?
(c) Compare the capacitance of this capacitor with that of an isolated sphere of radius 12 cm. Explain why the latter is much smaller.
Solution:
Radius of the inner sphere, r1 = 12 cm = 0.12 m
Radius of the outer sphere, r2 = 13 cm = 0.13 m
Charge on the inner sphere, q = 2.5 μC = 2.5 x 10-6 C
The dielectric constant of the liquid, εr= 32
(a) Capacitance of the capacitor is given by the relation,
Here,
ε0 = permittivity of the free space = 8.85 x 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2
Therefore,
Therefore, the capacitance of the capacitor is approximately 5.5 x 10-9 F.
(b) Potential of the inner sphere is
V = q/C
= (2.5 x 10-6)/(5.5 x 10-9) = 4.5 x 102 V
Hence the potential energy of the inner sphere is 4.5 x 102 V
(c) Radius of the isolated sphere, r = 12 x 10-2 m
The capacitance of the isolated sphere is given by the relation,
C’ = 4πε0r
= 4 x 3.14 x 8.85 x 10-12 x 12 x 10-2
= 1.333 x 10-11 F
The outer sphere of the concentric spheres is earthed. Therefore, the potential difference will be less for the concentric spheres, and the capacitance is more than for the isolated sphere.
Q 2.31) Answer carefully:
(a) Two large conducting spheres carrying charges Q1 and Q2 are brought close to each other. Is the magnitude of the electrostatic force between them exactly given by Q1Q2/4πε0r2, where r is the distance between their centres?
(b) If Coulomb’s law involved 1/r3 dependence (instead of 1/r2), would Gauss’s law still be true?
(c) A small test charge is released at rest at a point in an electrostatic field configuration. Will it travel along the field line passing through that point?
(d) What is the work done by the field of a nucleus in a complete circular orbit of the electron? What if the orbit is elliptical?
(e) We know that the electric field is discontinuous across the surface of a charged conductor. Is electric potential also discontinuous there?
(f) What meaning would you give to the capacitance of a single conductor?
(g) Guess a possible reason why water has a much greater dielectric constant (= 80) than say, mica (= 6).
Solution:
(a) No, because charge distributions on the spheres will not be uniform.
(b) No.
(c) Not necessarily. (True only if the field line is a straight line). The field line gives the direction of acceleration and not that of the velocity.
(d) Zero, no matter what the shape of the complete orbit is.
(e) No, the potential is continuous.
(f) A single conductor is a capacitor with one of the ‘plates’ at infinity.
(g) A water molecule has a permanent dipole moment. However, a detailed explanation of the value of the dielectric constant requires microscopic theory and is beyond the scope of the book.
Q 2.32) A cylindrical capacitor has two co-axial cylinders of length 15 cm and radii 1.5 cm and 1.4 cm. The outer cylinder is earthed, and the inner cylinder is given a charge of 3.5 µC. Determine the capacitance of the system and the potential of the inner cylinder. Neglect end effects (i.e., bending of field lines at the ends).
Solution:
Length of the coaxial cylinders,l = 15 cm = 0.15 m
Radius of the outer cylinder, r1 = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m
Radius of the inner cylinder, r2 = 1.4 cm = 0.014 m
Charge of the inner cylinder, q = 3.5 μC = 3.5 x 10-6 C
The outer cylinder is earthed
The capacitance of the co-axial cylinder of radii r1 and r2 is given by the relation
Here,
ε0 is the permittivity of free space = 8.85 x 10-12 N-1 m-2 C2
Therefore, the potential difference of the inner cylinder is given by
V = q/C
= 3.5 x 10-6/1.2 x 10-10 = 2.92 x 104 V
Q 2.33) A parallel plate capacitor is to be designed with a voltage rating of 1 kV, using a material of dielectric constant 3 and dielectric strength of about 107Vm–1. (Dielectric strength is the maximum electric field a material can tolerate without breakdown, i.e. without starting to conduct electricity through partial ionisation.) For safety, we should like the field never to exceed, say, 10% of the dielectric strength. What minimum area of the plates is required to have a capacitance of 50 pF?
Solution:
Voltage rating of the parallel plate capacitor, V = 1kV= 1000 V.
Dielectric constant, ε = 3
Dielectric strength = 107 V/m
For safety, the field should never exceed, say, 10% of the dielectric strength, E = 10% of dielectric strength = (10/100) x 107 = 106 V/m
Capacitance of capacitor , C = 50pF = 50 × 10-12 F
Distance between the plates, d = V/E = 10³/106 = 10-3 m
Capacitance,
Area of the plate, A =
= (50 × 10-12 × 10-3)/(3 × 8.85 × 10-12)
= 1.9 × 10-3 m²
= 19 cm²
Therefore, the minimum area of the plates, A = 19 cm²
Q 2.34) Describe schematically the equipotential surfaces corresponding to
(a) a constant electric field in the z-direction
(b) a field that uniformly increases in magnitude but remains in a constant (say, z) direction
(c) a single positive charge at the origin
(d) a uniform grid consisting of long, equally spaced parallel charged wires in a plane
Solution:
(a) Planes parallel to the x-y plane.
(b) Same as in (a), except that planes differing by a fixed potential get closer as the field increases.
(c) Concentric spheres centred at the origin.
(d) A periodically varying shape near the grid, which gradually reaches the shape of planes parallel to the grid at far distances.
Q 2.35) A small sphere of radius r1 and charge q1 is enclosed by a spherical shell of radius r2 and charge q2. Show that if q1 is positive, the charge will necessarily flow from the sphere to the shell (when the two are connected by a wire) no matter what the charge q2 on the shell is
Solution:
By Gauss’s law, the electric field between the sphere and the shell is determined only by the charge q1. Hence, the potential difference between the sphere and the shell is independent of q2. If q1 is positive, then the potential difference is also positive.
Q 2.36) Answer the following:
(a) The top of the atmosphere is at about 400 kV with respect to the surface of the earth, corresponding to an electric field that decreases with altitude. Near the surface of the earth, the field is about 100 Vm–1. Why then do we not get an electric shock as we step out of our house into the open? (Assume the house to be a steel cage, so there is no field inside!)
(b) A man fixes outside his house one evening a two-metre high insulating slab carrying on its top a large aluminium sheet of area 1m2. Will he get an electric shock if he touches the metal sheet the next morning?
(c) The discharging current in the atmosphere due to the small conductivity of air is known to be 1800 A on average over the globe. Why then does the atmosphere not discharge itself completely in due course and become electrically neutral? In other words, what keeps the atmosphere charged?
(d) What are the forms of energy into which the electrical energy of the atmosphere is dissipated during lightning?
(Hint: The earth has an electric field of about 100 Vm–1 at its surface in the downward direction, corresponding to a surface charge density = –10–9 C m–2. Due to the slight conductivity of the atmosphere up to about 50 km (beyond which it is a good conductor), about + 1800 C is pumped every second into the earth as a whole. The earth, however, does not get discharged since thunderstorms and lightning occurring continually all over the globe pump an equal amount of negative charge on the earth.
Solution:
(a) Our body and the ground form an equipotential surface. As we step out into the open, the original equipotential surfaces of open-air change, keeping our heads and the ground at the same potential.
(b) Yes, the steady discharging current in the atmosphere charges up the aluminium sheet gradually and raises its voltage to an extent depending on the capacitance of the capacitor (formed by the sheet, slab and the ground).
(c) The atmosphere is continually being charged by thunderstorms and lightning all over the globe and discharged through regions of ordinary weather. The two opposing currents are, on average, in equilibrium.
(d) Light energy involved in lightning; heat and sound energy in the accompanying thunder.
NCERT Class 12 Physics Solutions for Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Chapter 2, Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance of Class 12 Physics, is prepared as per the current CBSE Syllabus 2023-24. Also, this chapter provides good marks weightage to derivations and numerical problems for the board exam. The derivation of topics like potential energy of the system of charges, potential due to electric dipole and energy stored in the capacitor is frequently asked in exams. Numerical problems based on the effective capacitance of a complex combination of capacitors are asked in exams regularly. All the topics in the chapter are covered in the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 2.
Subtopics of Class 12 NCERT Physics Chapter 2 – Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
| Section Number | Topic |
| 2.1 | Introduction |
| 2.2 | Electrostatic Potential |
| 2.3 | Potential Due to a Point Charge |
| 2.4 | Potential Due to an Electric Dipole |
| 2.5 | Potential Due to a System of Charges |
| 2.6 | Equipotential Surfaces |
| 2.6.1 | Relation Between Field and Potential |
| 2.7 | Potential Energy of a System of Charges |
| 2.8 | Potential Energy in an External Field |
| 2.8.1 | Potential Energy of a Single Charge |
| 2.8.2 | Potential Energy of a System of Two Charges in an External Field |
| 2.8.3 | Potential Energy of a Dipole in an External Field |
| 2.9 | Electrostatics of Conductors |
| 2.10 | Dielectrics and Polarization |
| 2.11 | Capacitors and Capacitance |
| 2.12 | The Parallel Plate Capacitor |
| 2.13 | Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance |
| 2.14 | Combination of Capacitors |
| 2.14.1 | Capacitors in Series |
| 2.14.2 | Capacitors in Parallel |
| 2.15 | Energy Stored in a Capacitor |
| 2.16 | Van De Graaff Generator |
Students can utilise the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 for any quick references to comprehend these and other complex topics easily. Referring to these solutions provides clarity on key concepts and problem-solving skills that are essential for the board examination.
| Also Access |
| NCERT Exemplar for Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 |
| CBSE Notes for Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 |
Why select BYJU’S?
BYJU’S is India’s largest Learning App, with subject experts from across the nation. Finding notes, question papers, NCERT Solutions, and solutions for various other subjects like Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, and many competitive exams are very easy as these materials are available in the form of free PDF downloads. Enjoy learning with a great experience. Stay tuned to know more about NCERT Solutions and preparation tips.
Disclaimer –
Dropped Topics –
2.15 Energy Stored in a Capacitor (delete only derivation)
Exercises 2.12 to 2.36
Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 2
What are the main topics and subtopics covered in Chapter 2 of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics?
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electrostatic Potential
2.3 Potential Due to a Point Charge
2.4 Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
2.5 Potential Due to a System of Charges
2.6 Equipotential Surfaces
2.6.1 Relation between Field and Potential
2.7 Potential Energy of a System Of Charges
2.8 Potential Energy in an External Field
2.8.1 Potential Energy of a Single Charge
2.8.2 Potential Energy of a System of Two Charges in an External Field
2.8.3 Potential Energy of a Dipole in an External Field
2.9 Electrostatics of Conductors
2.10 Dielectrics and Polarization
2.11 Capacitors and Capacitance
2.12 The Parallel Plate Capacitor
2.13 Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance
2.14 Combination of Capacitors
2.14.1 Capacitors in Series
2.14.2 Capacitors in Parallel
2.15 Energy Stored in a Capacitor
2.16 Van De Graaff Generator
Comments